Elamipretide (SS-31): A Mitochondria-Targeting Research Peptide

Introduction

Elamipretide, also known by its research designation SS-31, is a synthetic peptide designed to selectively target mitochondria. Its unique structure allows localization within the inner mitochondrial membrane, enabling studies on mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress, and cellular energy regulation. SS-31 has become an important tool in preclinical research, offering insights into mitochondrial function, aging, and disease mechanisms.

What is Elamipretide (SS-31)?

Elamipretide is a mitochondria-penetrating tetrapeptide with the amino acid sequence D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2. It is engineered to interact with cardiolipin, a key phospholipid in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing mitochondrial structure and function. SS-31’s biochemical properties—including water solubility, cell permeability, and mitochondrial affinity—make it a reliable compound for experimental research.

Chemical Structure and Properties

• Molecular Weight: ~639 Daltons
• Solubility: Water-soluble, suitable for laboratory use
• Stability: Resistant to enzymatic degradation; optimized for mitochondrial localization
• Function: Supports mitochondrial membrane integrity and bioenergetic efficiency

Mechanism of Action

Research indicates that Elamipretide (SS-31) interacts with cardiolipin to:

• Reduce oxidative stress: Stabilizing cardiolipin may decrease ROS production.
• Preserve mitochondrial bioenergetics: Supports ATP generation and efficient respiration.
• Enhance mitochondrial dynamics: May improve membrane potential and morphology.

Note: These effects are primarily observed in cellular and animal models. SS-31 is strictly for research use and is not approved for clinical applications.

Research Applications

Elamipretide is widely used in studies including:

• Mitochondrial dysfunction and disease models
• Oxidative stress and ROS-related research
• Age-associated cellular decline
• Neurodegenerative disease models

Its high specificity and mitochondrial targeting make SS-31 a valuable peptide for experimental studies in cellular bioenergetics, mitochondrial health, and aging research.

Handling and Storage Guidelines

• Storage: Lyophilized peptide at –20°C or colder
• Reconstitution: Sterile water or saline immediately before use
• Handling: Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles; maintain sterile techniques
• Experimental Use: Freshly prepared solutions are recommended for reproducibility

Safety and Compliance

Elamipretide is classified as a research-use-only peptide. It is not approved for human therapeutic use. Proper laboratory safety procedures, including personal protective equipment (PPE) and adherence to institutional guidelines, are required.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: Is Elamipretide clinically approved?
A: No. SS-31 is strictly for research purposes.

Q: How does Elamipretide target mitochondria?
A: It selectively binds to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Q: Can Elamipretide cross cell membranes?
A: Yes. Its design allows cell permeability and mitochondrial localization.

Q: How should SS-31 be stored?
A: Lyophilized peptide should be kept at –20°C and reconstituted before use, avoiding freeze-thaw cycles.

Conclusion

Elamipretide (SS-31) is a mitochondria-targeting peptide with significant research potential in mitochondrial biology, oxidative stress, and cellular bioenergetics. While its full mechanisms continue to be studied, SS-31 provides researchers with a reliable tool to investigate mitochondrial function, aging-related cellular decline, and disease pathways. For scientists and peptide enthusiasts, Elamipretide represents a cutting-edge compound for advancing mitochondrial research.